Sorption–desorption of indaziflam and its three metabolites in sandy soils

Indaziflam is a relatively new herbicide for which sorption–desorption information is lacking, and nothing is available on its metabolites. Information is needed on the multiple soil and pesticide characteristics known to influence these processes. For four soils, the order of sorption was indaziflam (N-[1R,2S)-2,3-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1H-inden-1-yl]-6-[(1R)-1-fluoroethyl]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) (sandy clay loam: K_f = 5.9, 1/n_f = 0.7, K_foc = 447; sandy loam: K_f = 3.9, 1/n_f = 0.9, K_foc = 276) > triazine indanone metabolite (N-[(1R,2S)-2,3-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-oxo-1H-inden-1-yl]-6-[(1R)-1-fluoroethyl]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) (sandy clay loam: K_f = 2.1, 1/n_f = 0.8, K_foc = 177; sandy loam: K_f = 1.7, 1/n_f = 0.9, K_foc = 118) > fluoroethyldiaminotriazine metabolite (6-[(1R-1-Fluoroethyl]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) (sandy clay loam: K_f = 0.3, 1/n_f = 0.9, K_foc = 28; sandy loam: K_f = 0.3, 1/n_f = 0.9, K_foc = 22) = indaziflam carboxylic acid metabolite (2S,3R)-3-[[4-amino-6-[(1R)-1-fluoroethyl]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-1H-indene-5-carboxylic acid) (sandy clay loam: K_f = 0.3, 1/n_f = 0.9, K_foc = 22; sandy loam: K_f = 0.5, 1/n_f = 0.8, K_foc = 32). The metabolites being more polar than the parent compound showed lower sorption. Desorption was hysteretic for indaziflam and triazine indanone metabolite, but not for the other two metabolites. Unsaturated transient flow K_d's were lower than batch K_d's for indaziflam, but similar for fluoroethyldiaminotriazine metabolite. Batch K_d's would overpredict potential offsite transport if desorption hysteresis is not taken into account.     

Transport of oxytetracycline,chlortetracycline, and ivermectin in surface runoff from irrigated pasture

The transport of oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, and ivermectin from manure was assessed via surface runoff on irrigated pasture. Surface runoff plots in the Sierra Foothills of Northern California were used to evaluate the effects of irrigation water application rates, pharmaceutical application conditions, vegetative cover, and vegetative filter strip length on the pharmaceutical discharge in surface runoff. Experiments were designed to permit the maximum potential transport of pharmaceuticals to surface runoff water, which included pre-irrigation to saturate soil, trimming grass where manure was applied, and laying a continuous manure strip perpendicular to the flow of water. However, due to high sorption of the pharmaceuticals to manure and soil, less than 0.1% of applied pharmaceuticals were detected in runoff water. Results demonstrated an increase of pharmaceutical transport in surface runoff with increased pharmaceutical concentration in manure, the concentration of pharmaceuticals in runoff water remained constant with increased irrigation flow rate, and no appreciable decrease in pharmaceutical runoff was produced with the vegetative filter strip length increased from 30.5 to 91.5 cm. Most of the applied pharmaceuticals were retained in the manure or within the upper 5 cm of soil directly beneath the manure application sites. As this study evaluated conditions for high transport potential, the data suggest that the risk for significant chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and ivermectin transport to surface water from cattle manure on irrigated pasture is low.     

污水颗粒尺寸分布对深度过滤中雌激素去除的影响

采用两根平行运行的小试下向流砂滤柱以研究雌酮(E1)、雌二醇(E2)和炔雌醇(EE2)的去除与污水中悬浮颗粒粒度分布(PSD)的相互关系。研究表明,80%雌激素以溶解状态吸附在悬浮颗粒之上。平均粒径与颗粒的比表面积呈指数函数关系(R2>0.9)。随着滤池进水中悬浮颗粒平均粒径从1.493μm增至226.784μm,E1、E2和EE2在固相的吸附率分别从58.8%、56.3%和60.0%降至7.0%、1.3%和4.0%。砂滤池中雌激素的去除率与进水悬浮颗粒的平均粒径呈负相关,并可以用对数曲线拟合(R2>0.9)。砂滤池因拦截了活性污泥絮体因而具有一定的生物活性,使得部分E2被生物降解(pp>0.05),其去除主要依靠砂滤池所拦截的细微颗粒的絮体吸附作用。     

焦化厂全负压净化回收煤气新工艺

通过对焦化厂全负压净化回收煤气新工艺流程的介绍和新、旧回收工艺的比较，总结出全负压净化回收煤气工艺控制污染的特点与效果，焦化全负压回收利用硫化氢生产硫酸，氰化氢生产黄血盐，从生产工艺上消除了ＳＯ２，ＮＯｘ对大气的污染，解决了硫铵生产紧缺的硫酸，实现了焦化厂煤气净化，回收的清洁生产。     

南京浦口区大气负离子的时空特征及其与气象条件的关系

利用南京市浦口区境内老山森林、农庄、珍珠泉、石桥万诚4个观测点2014年10月~2015年10月大气负(氧)离子观测资料,分析了浦口区大气负(氧)离子浓度的时空变化特征及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明:(1)浦口区日平均大气负(氧)离子浓度为688个/cm~3,最大值约在21:00,为986个/cm~3,最小值约在12:00,为610个cm~3;(2)浦口区年平均大气负(氧)离子浓度为675个/cm~3,其中夏季最高,为728个/cm~3;冬季最低,为538个/cm~3;(3)浦口区大气负(氧)离子空间分布规律为:农庄珍珠泉老山森林石桥万诚;(4)不同天气条件下大气负离子与气象因子的相关性不同,如雨日,大气负离子与降水量、气温、相对湿度显著相关(P0.01);无雨天,大气负离子与日照显著相关(P0.05)。     

Triton X-100在黄土上的吸附行为及影响因素

水土体系下,应用批实验法研究了Triton X-100在天然黄土上的吸附行为与平衡时间、Triton X-100浓度、溶液离子强度和pH值的关系.结果表明,Triton X-100在黄土中的吸附平衡时间约为30 min,其吸附动力学符合一级动力学模型,相应拟合参数Qe、k1、r2分别为3.041 mg·g-1、0.102 min-1、0.993 4.吸附等温线明显为非线性,在利用的4种等温吸附模型中,Sips模型对实验数据提供了最佳的拟合,其拟合参数Qmax和r2分别为3.202 mg·g-1和0.998 7.溶液离子强度和pH值对Triton X-100在黄土上的吸附有显著的影响,其吸附量随NaCl浓度的增加而明显增加,随pH增加而降低.     

损己不利人：僵尸企业对绿色全要素生产率的负面影响

僵尸企业是产能过剩和污染排放的重要源头,加快推进僵尸企业处置是构建新发展格局以及协同推进高质量发展和环境保护的重要抓手。该研究采用最新公布的2006—2014年中国工业污染数据库与中国工业企业数据库微观匹配数据,在测算微观企业绿色全要素生产率的基础上,实证检验了僵尸企业对绿色全要素生产率的影响作用及微观机制。为缓解数据迟滞问题,同时,基于2004—2018年上市公司僵尸企业的识别以及省级绿色全要素生产率测算数据进行了交叉验证分析,结论稳健。研究发现：①僵尸企业不仅自身绿色全要素生产率低于正常企业7.9%,还表现出显著的绿色全要素生产率负外部性,僵尸企业占比每增加1个百分点,正常企业绿色全要素生产率增长率降低2.733%,最终僵尸企业的存在使得总体绿色全要素生产率绝对水平损失3.27%,相对水平下降22.4%。②异质性分析中,僵尸企业的绿色全要素生产率负外部性对于非国有企业、小规模企业以及融资约束强的企业更为显著。③微观机制检验方面,僵尸企业通过阻碍正常企业技术进步、抑制规模效率提升而不利于其绿色全要素生产率增长,但对纯技术效率（管理效率）反而表现出一定的短期促进效应,而且微观机制在非国有企业、小规模企业以及融资约束较强的企业样本中更显著。研究还发现,僵尸企业显著降低了正常企业的劳动生产率和环境生产率水平。针对结论,提出了加快推动僵尸企业处置,协同推进高质量发展与环境保护的对策建议。     

脱硫粉煤灰于盐渍土中的试验效果研究

脱硫粉煤灰于盐渍土中的试验效果表明：脱硫粉煤灰与盐渍土的叠加作用,导致生物生长受抑制的负面影响,其影响大小与脱硫粉煤灰施用量成正相关。     

Lead sorption by a Mexican,clinoptilolite-rich tuff

Goal, Scope and Background The retention of lead by a Mexican, clinoptilolite-rich tuff from Oaxaca (Mexico) at different pH values was evaluated and the lead sorption mechanisms on the zeolitic material in this work were discussed. Methods Isotherms were determined using lead nitrate solutions (initial pH values between 2 and 5) at 303 K. After the equilibrium was reached, the content of lead in the liquid phases was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The elemental composition of the clinoptilolite-rich tuff before and after the lead sorption process was evaluated by electron microscopy. Results The maximum ion exchange capacity of the Mexican, clinoptilolite-rich tuff for lead was 1.4 meq/g at pH 3, considering an ion exchange mechanism in the absence of any precipitated or hydrolyzed lead species in the sorption process or any change in the zeolite network. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were also considered in this work for comparison purposes. Discussion It is important to consider the nature of the sorption processes before choosing a model to describe the interaction between the metal ions and the sorbent. Conclusions The chemical lead speciation, the pH, as well as the characteristics of the clinoptilolite-rich tuff are important factors to be considered on the lead sorption process by natural zeolites. The chemical species involved in that process are Na⁺ from the zeolite and Pb²⁺ from the aqueous solution at pH 2 and 3, so that the ion exchange mechanism explains the lead sorption processes by the clinoptilolite-rich tuff through the ion exchange isotherms. The sodium, Mexican, clinoptilolite-rich tuff is a potential adsorbent for lead from aqueous solutions. Recommendations and Perspectives The natural zeolite-rich tuffs are very important as ion exchangers for the treatment of polluted water due to their sorption properties and low cost. The sorption behavior of each natural material depends on their composition. Mexican, clinoptilolite-rich tuff from Oaxaca (Mexico) could be used for the treatment of waste water contaminated with lead. It would be important to propose this material as an alternative as waste water treatment, because it shows good selectivity for the removal of heavy metals from water.